变压器典型工作环境对声功率测量结果的影响

变压器两侧常建有高大的防火墙,其从声学角度可视为刚性反射壁面,会改变变压器的辐射声场,进而影响变压器声功率测量结果。本文利用有限元、边界元等数值计算方法建立了变压器声辐射的仿真模型用以分析反射壁面对变压器声功率测量结果的影响,并通过实际测量验证了仿真计算所得结论。结果表明,反射壁面对变压器声功率测量结果的影响程度随反射壁面到变压器箱体距离增加而减弱,且当反射壁面距变压器箱体5 m以上时,其对变压器声功率基频及各谐波成份测量结果的影响均在2 dB以内。另外反射壁面对变压器噪声高频成份声功率测量结果的影响较大,而对100 Hz、200 Hz等低频成份测量结果影响较小,基本低于3 dB。     

Non-uniformity correction of infrared focal plane array in point target surveillance systems

We discuss the influence of non-uniformity and non-uniformity correction on point target detection in infrared surveillance system, and propose a non-uniformity correction approach which is based on signal intensity and sensor characteristics. Theoretical models are used to derive the combined effect of background clutter, sensor random noise, target, non-uniformity and correction error on the signal-to-noise-and-clutter ratio. From our analysis, it can be noted that background clutter intensity is successively modulated by sensor non-uniformity and non-uniformity correction, while sensor random noise is modulated by the non-uniformity correction process only. Furthermore, background clutter and sensor random noise are the key factors that affect the performance of a surveillance system, when it is used to detect point targets. The method presented in this paper takes all of the above into account, moreover, it considers the difference between scanning and staring focal plane array. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

A quest for error factors in predicting heavy weight floor impact sound levels using measured data in existing residential buildings

A number of datasets regarding the heavy weighted floor impact sound level and the driving point impedance level, i.e., twenty times the common logarithm of driving point impedance at an exciting point, were measured in existing residential buildings before the floor finishing of the excitation room and the ceiling finishing of the receiving room were installed. These data were compared to the calculated values by the impedance method, i.e., a practical method that estimates vibration energy of an excited slab using the driving point impedance at the exciting point as a major factor, as well as those using the Finite Element Method (FEM) models of slabs. Furthermore, correlations between the residual errors and the major dimensions of the receiving rooms were investigated. Two major error factors were found to influence the calculated values by the impedance method. The spectral characteristic of the tire impact source within the 63 Hz band effectively decreased the prediction errors when it was included in the calculation and combined with the FEM models of slabs. The length of the shorter side of the receiving room plan correlated to the residual errors of the receiving rooms having a pair of flat parallel walls. These errors arise from the fact that the receiving points were placed at the central and quarter positions within the wall distance, where the nodes of the horizontal mode exist. It was not possible to identify another dimension of the receiving room that significantly correlates to the residual errors of the prediction.     

Shape-optimal design of graded index sonic crystal formations using natural cubic splines

Noise reduction through upward refraction can be achieved by artificial means, using a graded index sonic crystal. In addition to upward refraction, it will be shown that these periodically spaced cylinder formations can simultaneously benefit from band-gap phenomena. The aim of this paper is to present a method to optimise the broadband noise reducing performance of graded index sonic crystals, in a frequency range from well below to well above the lowest band-gap frequency. A design technique based on the creation of complex cylinder formations has been explored, in which the effective propagation speed is spatially varied using natural cubic splines. Sets of complex barrier shapes are compactly described by re-locating a number of control points in a two-dimensional cartesian plane and connecting the control points by (curved) line segments. In addition to the cluster shape, a complex graded index sonic crystal structure was formed by varying the lattice constant and the cylinder radius, where the cylinder radius was varied as a function of height. All these parameters were optimised with a multi-objective genetic algorithm, for structures based on horizontally oriented acoustically hard cylinders, located above a perfectly reflecting ground plane. A four-lane outdoor situation, with a traffic scenario consisting of 95% light and 5% heavy duty vehicles driving at 70 km/h has been studied in a two-dimensional domain. For such a configuration we obtained a spatially averaged mean reduction of 4.2–5.3 dBA, with structures covering an effective cross-sectional area of 1 m². It was found that the insertion loss among the studied traffic lanes was reasonably constant. In addition, it was found that the low-frequency performance of the studied structures is enhanced by incrementing the barrier-height while increasing the number of scatterers as a function of height.     

En route to Background Independence: Broken split-symmetry,and how to restore it with bi-metric average actions

The most momentous requirement a quantum theory of gravity must satisfy is Background Independence, necessitating in particular an ab initio derivation of the arena all non-gravitational physics takes place in, namely spacetime. Using the background field technique, this requirement translates into the condition of an unbroken split-symmetry connecting the (quantized) metric fluctuations to the (classical) background metric. If the regularization scheme used violates split-symmetry during the quantization process it is mandatory to restore it in the end at the level of observable physics. In this paper we present a detailed investigation of split-symmetry breaking and restoration within the Effective Average Action (EAA) approach to Quantum Einstein Gravity (QEG) with a special emphasis on the Asymptotic Safety conjecture. In particular we demonstrate for the first time in a non-trivial setting that the two key requirements of Background Independence and Asymptotic Safety can be satisfied simultaneously. Carefully disentangling fluctuation and background fields, we employ a ‘bi-metric’ ansatz for the EAA and project the flow generated by its functional renormalization group equation on a truncated theory space spanned by two separate Einstein–Hilbert actions for the dynamical and the background metric, respectively. A new powerful method is used to derive the corresponding renormalization group (RG) equations for the Newton- and cosmological constant, both in the dynamical and the background sector. We classify and analyze their solutions in detail, determine their fixed point structure, and identify an attractor mechanism which turns out instrumental in the split-symmetry restoration. We show that there exists a subset of RG trajectories which are both asymptotically safe and split-symmetry restoring: In the ultraviolet they emanate from a non-Gaussian fixed point, and in the infrared they loose all symmetry violating contributions inflicted on them by the non-invariant functional RG equation. As an application, we compute the scale dependent spectral dimension which governs the fractal properties of the effective QEG spacetimes at the bi-metric level. Earlier tests of the Asymptotic Safety conjecture almost exclusively employed ‘single-metric truncations’ which are blind towards the difference between quantum and background fields. We explore in detail under which conditions they can be reliable, and we discuss how the single-metric based picture of Asymptotic Safety needs to be revised in the light of the new results. We shall conclude that the next generation of truncations for quantitatively precise predictions (of critical exponents, for instance) is bound to be of the bi-metric type.     

分布式通风消声板特性研究*

在隔声板结构中,分布式内嵌大量小型消声单元,在入射声波被消声单元有效衰减的同时,气流可均匀通过整个板结构,形成一种分布式消声板结构。利用平面波理论和修正传递矩阵法,建立消声板简化模型,并预测模型传递损失。加工消声板样件,实验室内测试并验证其声学及通风性能。对比隔声测试结果与预测结果,验证修正传递矩阵法针对该结构的准确性,同时验证消声板结构的实际效果。结果显示,该分布式消声板结构具有良好的声学效果,修正传递矩阵法可应用于该结构的声学性能预测以及结构设计。     

面向空耦电声换能器应用的高性能FEP/PTFE复合膜压电驻极体

压电驻极体(也称为铁电驻极体)是一类具有强压电效应的微孔结构驻极体材料,具有柔韧、低密度、低特性声阻抗等特征,是制备柔性空气耦合声电换能器的理想材料.针对器件对高灵敏度和高温工作环境的应用需求,本文报道高性能氟化乙丙烯/聚四氟乙烯(FEP/PTFE)复合膜压电驻极体的制备和性能表征.研究结果表明, FEP/PTFE膜的特性声阻抗为0.02 MRayl (1 Rayl=10 Pa·s/m);在小压强范围内的准静态压电电荷系数d₃₃可高达800 pC/N,且具有良好的压强特性.基于FEP/PTFE复合膜压电驻极体的麦克风的灵敏度最高可达6.4 mV/Pa@1 kHz,远高于文献报道的相同结构的压电驻极体麦克风的灵敏度,且具有平坦的频响曲线.对于直径为20 mm的超声波发射器,当驱动电压V_p为600 V时,样品中轴线上距离器件表面100 mm处, 40—80 kHz频率范围内产生的超声波的声压级为80—90 dB (参考声压为20μPa).基于FEP/PTFE复合膜压电驻极体的声电换能器的热稳定性显著优于聚丙烯(PP)压电驻极体声电换能器:在125...     

经典局域共振型水声超材料的吸隔声性能研究*

基于水声超材料吸声机理和多层平行介质平面波理论,建立局域共振型水声超材料结构,通过COMSOL进行建模计算,研究该结构的吸声性能机理,此外为了验证钢背衬的隔声性能,在该水声超材料结构基础上添加一层0.005m厚的钢背衬进行仿真对比。研究结果表明,在频段为200Hz-4000Hz时,水声超材料声学性能较好,吸声性能整体较优,且添加钢背衬的水声超材料隔声性能较优,甚至在某频率点达到15dB的隔声差值;此外通过位移场图进一步揭示水声超材料的吸声机理,发现水声超材料结构的位移场和钢背衬都对吸声性能会产生影响,钢背衬通过影响共振吸收来影响吸声性能,而位移场则通过位移幅度大小影响吸声性能。